Agricultural Crops Attacked by Termites in Nigeria
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Agricultural Crops Attacked by Termites in Nigeria
Agricultural Crops Attacked by Termites in Nigeria
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Home Page > Education > Science > Agricultural Crops Attacked by Termites in Nigeria
Agricultural Crops Attacked by Termites in Nigeria
Posted: May 04, 2009 |Comments: 0
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Agricultural crops in Nigeria have in the recent past come under severe attack from termites. This could be attributed to poor farming and agronomic practices as well as other factors which are outside the control of the farmers. This situation has contributed to continued red alerts on food insecurity in the Country. A good knowledge of this negative interaction between termites and crops will serve a useful purpose in mapping out effective control strategies against these insects. The following crops are attacked by termites in Nigeria:
Cassava (Manihot utilissima)
Cassava cuttings are attacked in several ways by different species of termites. Ancistrotermes sp., Odontotermes sp., Pseudocanthotermes militaris, and Microtermes sp., hollow out the stem from below the ground. Macrotermes subhyalinus and Amitermes evuncifer attack the below-ground part of the Cassava cuttings.
Citrus
Seedlings and young saplings are cut off below the ground level by Macrotermes bellicosus and Macrotermes subhyalinus, while some matured trees may be damaged by piping by Odontotermes sp.
Groundnut (Arachis hypogea)
Termite damage to groundnut is usually most serious towards the end of the growing season just before harvesting. Attack is done by penetrating the tap roots and hollows them out. The termites may also enter the stem at the collar. The pods may be damaged either on the outside or the nuts are eaten away. These may cause the crop to wilt. Odontotermes sp., Microtermes spp., and Amitermes evuncifer have been implicated to cause damage to groundnut plants.
Coconuts (Cocos nucifera)
The tender shoots of Coconut seedlings have been observed to be cut off by termites. The following termite species have been found to cause damage to roots and shoots of seedlings as well as young coconut trees: Amitermes evuncifer, Microtermes sp., Microcerotermes fuscotibialis, and Ancistrotermes sp. Mounds of Amitermes evuncifer is usually found at the base of adult trees, to which considerable damage are done to the roots and lower part of the stem.
Guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor)
In Nigeria, this crop is sometimes attacked if harvesting is delayed. Termites attack and eat the lower part of the plant and hollowed it out. Seeds in contact with the ground would equally be eaten by the termites. Macrotermes bellicosus, Macrotermes subhyalinus, Ancistrotermes sp., and Amitermes evuncifer, have all been identified to cause damage to guinea corn. Similar damage have also been observed on Maize.
Kola nut (Cola accuminata)
Seedlings of Kolanut in the nursery are attacked by Macrotermes subhyalinus and Odontotermes spp. On few occasions, Neotermes aburiensis have been collected from branches of Kola nut trees.
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao)
Neotermes aburiensis is a dry wood termite commonly found in dead branches of Cocoa tree. Occasionally, this termite may extend its activities into the living part of the tree. Damage caused by N. aburiensis may contribute to the spread of “die-back” fungus disease. Better farm hygiene could assist in the control of this termite species. Coptotermes spp., caused damage by entry through injuries, or by piping the mature tree.Macrotermes bellicosus, M. subhyalinus, Pseudocanthotermes militaris, Microtermes spp., and Odontotermes spp., are known to “ring bark” and fell young trees down.
Yam (Discorea spp.)
The most common termite attacking both tubers and sets is Amitermes evuncifer. The yam is tunneled and blackened with their excretement. Observation shows attack on tubers to occur mainly in the dry season before harvest, as well as during storage in barns.
Mango (Mangifera indica)
Mango seedlings are attacked in the nursery by Microtermes sp., while Amitermes evuncifer have been observed to build nest on the trunk of the matured tree.
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)
Odontotermes sp., and Macrotermes subhyalinus are particularly known to ring-bark and cut through the collar of this crop, especially during the dry season.
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis)
Oil palm seedlings have been observed to be attacked by Odontotermes sp., Pseudocathotermes militaris and Trinervitermes geminatus. Macrotermes subhyalinus, Pseudocanthoterme militaris and Microtermes sp. attacks the mature trees.
Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum)
Setts of Sugar cane are hollowed out from below by these termites: Amitermes evuncifer, Ancistrotermes sp., Macrotermes subhyalinus and Microtermes sp.
Upland Rice (Oryza sativa)
Macrotermes bellicosus, Macrotermes subhyalinus and Trinervitermes geminatus attack rice at the seedling stage. M. bellicosus kills the plant by cutting off the root, while T. geminatus removes the upper part, leaves and stems, and carried them to their mound.
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Bolarinwa Olugbemi (Dr.) -
About the Author:
Dr. Bolarinwa Olugbemi is an Entomolpgist, specialising in the ecology and behavior of Termites. His secondary area of interest is the development of Nigerian Raw Materials as inputs for the local industries. Poverty reduction as well as building capacity for small scale industries are also of interest.
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Dr. Bolarinwa Olugbemi is an Entomolpgist, specialising in the ecology and behavior of Termites. His secondary area of interest is the development of Nigerian Raw Materials as inputs for the local industries. Poverty reduction as well as building capacity for small scale industries are also of interest.